INVESTIGATION OF BACK VOWELS IN PAKISTANI ENGLISH THROUGH ACOUSTIC LENS
Abstract
The examination of distinct features of non-native varieties of English has been the focal point of many research studies. The current study is also a continuation of this query. It intends to observe the acquisition of back vowels /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /ɑ: /, /ʊ: /, /ɔː/ regarding their spectral (the lowest two Formants) and temporal (duration) aspects in Pakistani English. The data were collected from the female learners of English at middle level (about 15 years old) from a public institute of Pakistan. The target back vowels were embedded into / hvd / syllables in the carrier phrase ‘say --- please’ as a stimulus. Data comprising of seven hundred and fifty tokens of English back vowels were analyzed using FormantPro (Xu, 2015) software. The results show that the acoustic patterns of back vowels of Pakistani learners of English are not much aligned with those of native speakers. The back vowels /ɑ: / and /ɒ/ are produced as central vowels rather than back vowels on horizontal plane of tongue fronting (corresponding to Formant 2). Likewise, back vowels, particularly /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, are also displaced on vertical horizon of tongue height (corresponding to F1). The results of the study reflect that vowels of Pakistani English are distinct from the patterns of the English reported by Roach (2004). This distinctness can be linked with discrepancy between phonological and orthographic form of the English language and inter-lingual effects from Urdu/indigenous languages of Pakistan.
References
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Bohn, Ocke-Schwen. (2004). How to Organize a fairly large Vowel Inventory: The vowels of Fering (North Frisian). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34(2), 161–173.
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Cervera, T., Miralles, J. L., and Gonzalez-Alvarez, J. (2001). Acoustical analysis of Spanish vowels produced by laryngectomized subjects. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research,44, 988-996.
Chalhoub-Deville, M., Chapelle, C.A., and Duff, P. (Eds.). (2006). Inference and generalizability in applied linguistics: Multiple perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Clarke, V., and Kitzinger, C. (2004). Lesbian and gay parents on talk shows: Resistance or collusion in heterosexism. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 195-217.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
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Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, T. H., and House, A. S. (1990). Articulation rate and the duration of syllables and stress groups in connected speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 88(1), 101-112.
DeJoy, D. and Barnes, E. (2011). https://www.asha.org/Events/convention/handouts/2011/DeJoy-Barnes/
Delattre, P.C., Liberman, A.M., and Coper, F.S. (1955). Acoustic loci and transitional cues for consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27(4), 769–773.
DiCanio, C. (2015, July 10). Introduction to acoustic phonetics (Lecture). University at Buffalo. Retrieved from: www.buffalo.edu/~cdicanio/pdfs/Lect_10-8_acoustics.pdf
Ferguson, S. H., and Kewley-Port, D. (2002). Vowel intelligibility in clear and conversational speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(1), 259 -271.
Figueroa, M., and Evans, B. G. (2015). Evaluation of segmentation approaches and constriction degree correlates for spirant approximant consonants. International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS). Retrieved from www.mauriciofigueroa.cl/02_academia/2015_ICPhS_poster.pdf
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Gimson, A. C., and Cruttenden, A. (1994). Gimson’s Pronunciation of English (5th ed.). London:
Edward Arnold.
Gow, D. W., Melvold, J., and Manuel, S. (1996). How word onsets drive lexical access and segmentation: Evidence from acoustics, phonology and processing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Philadelphia. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/607031/
Haq, A. (1993). English-Urdu Dictionary. New Dehli: Star Publications.
Harrison M.F., and Dunkley, A. (2004). The acoustics of racing engine intake systems. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 271(3-5), 959–984
Hillenbrand, J., Clark, M. J., and Nearey, T. M. (2001). Effects of Consonant Environment on Vowel Formant Patterns. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,109(2), 748-763.
Hillenbrand, J., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J., and Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3099–3111.
Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnson, R. B., and Christensen., L. B. (2004). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Katz, W.F., and Assmann, P.F. (2001). Identification of children's vowels: Intrinsic fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency dynamics, and presence of voicing. Journal of Phonetics, 29(1): 23-51.
Kaur, A., and Singh, T. (2010). Segmentation of continuous speech into syllables. Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. Available from www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2010/WCECS2010_pp598-601.pdf
Kingston, J. (2008). Lenition. In L. Colantoni & J. Steele (Eds.), Proc.3rd conference on laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology (pp.1-31.). Toronto: Cascadilla Press.
Klatt, D.H. (1987). Review of text-to-speech conversion for English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 82(1), 737-793.
Koenig, L. L. (2000). Laryngeal factors in voiceless consonant production in men, women, and 5-year-olds. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(5), 1211-1228.
Koenig, L. L., Mencl, W., and Lucero, J. (2005). Multidimensional analyses of voicing offsets and onsets in female speakers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(4), 2535-2550.
Kousar, S. (2018). An Acoustic Study of the Role of Consistency of Input in Acquisition of English Short Vowels in Pakistan. Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 21(1), 187-198.
Kurowski, K. M., Blumstein, S. E., and Alexander, M.T. (1996). The foreign accent syndrome: A reconsideration. Brain and Language, 54(1), 1-25.
Ladefoged, P., and Johnson, K. (2011). A Course in Phonetics. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Lane, H., et al. (2005). Effects of bite blocks and hearing status on vowel production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(3), 1636-1646.
Li, C. Y. (2004). Acoustic analysis of Taiwanese learners’ pronunciation in English vowels. Journal of Language and Learning, 2(2), 186-201.
Lin, H., and Wang, Q. (2007). Mandarin rhythm: An acoustic study. Journal of Chinese Linguistics and Computing, 17 (3), 127-140.
Mahboob, A. (2004). Native or Non-native: What do students enrolled in an intensive English program think? In L. Kammhi-Stein (Ed.), Learning and Teaching from Experience: Perspective on Non-native English Speaking Professionals (pp. 121-147). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Manuel, S. Y. (1991). Some phonetic bases for the relative malleability of syllable-final versus syllable-initial consonants. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 5(1), 118-121. Available from https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs/icphs1991
McCaffrey, H., and Sussman, H. (1994). An investigation of vowel organization in speakers with severe and profound hearing. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 37(4), 938-951.
Monsen, R.B.,and Engebretson, A.M. (1983). The accuracy of formant frequency measurement: A comparison of spectrographic analysis and linear prediction. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 26, 89-97.
Myers, S., and Hansen, B.B. (2005). The origin of vowel-length neutralisation in vocoid sequences: Evidence from Finnish speakers. Phonology, 22(3), 317-344.
Nagarajan, T., Murthy, H. A., and Hegde, R.M. (2003). Segmentation of speech into syllable-like units. Energy, 1(1.5), 2.
Nearey, T.M. (1997). Speech perception as pattern recognition. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(6), 3241-3254.
Nicholas, H. (2009). Imperfect variation and class marking in the Old Spanish third conjugation. In P. E. Masullo and C. H. Huang. Romance linguistics (pp. 143-56). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Nishi, K., and Rogers, C. L. (2002). On the relationship between perception and production of American English vowels by native speakers of Japanese: A pair of case studies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(5), S2250.
Ohala, J. J., and Kawasaki, H. (1984). Prosodic phonology and phonetics. In Phonology Yearbook, 1(1), 113-128.
Perry, T. L., Ohde, R. N., & Ashmead, D. H. (2001). The acoustic bases for gender identification from children's voices. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(6), 2988-2998.
Peterson, G. E., and Barney. H. (1952). Control methods used in a study of vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24(2), 175–184.
Peterson, G. E., and Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of Syllable Nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(6), 693-703.
Pickett, J. M. (1999). The Acoustics of Speech Communication: Fundamentals, Speech Perception, Theory and Technology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Prinsloo, C. P. (2000). A Comparative Acoustic Analysis of the Long Vowels and Diphthongs of Afrikaans and South African English. (M.A thesis). University of Pretoria. Pretoria.
Rahman, T. (1990). Pakistani English. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
Rahman, T. (1999). Language, Education, and Culture. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Reuter, M. (1971). Vokalerna in finlandsvenskan: en instrumentell analys och ett foesok till systematisering enligt sardrag. Festskrift till Olav Ahlbeck, 28(1), 240-249.
Roach, P.J. (2004) 'Illustrations of the IPA. British English: Received Pronunciation', Journal of the IPA, vol. 34.2, pp.239-245.
Robb, M., and Chen, Y. (2009). Is /h/ phonetically neutral? Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23(11), 842–855
Roeder, R. (2009). The Effects of Phonetic Environment on English /æ/ among Speakers of Mexican Heritage in Michigan. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL), Volume 31. Retrieved from http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/viewFile/6090/3092.
Schiavetti, N., et al. (2004). Acoustic and Perceptual Characteristics of Vowels Produced During Simultaneous Communication. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(3), 275-294.
Steinlen, A. J. (2005). The Influence of Consonants on Native and Non-native Vowel Production: A cross linguistic study. Verlag: Gunter Narr.
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